What’s in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water

نویسندگان

  • Susan D. Richardson
  • David M. DeMarini
  • Manolis Kogevinas
  • Pilar Fernandez
  • Esther Marco
  • Carolina Lourencetti
  • Clara Ballesté
  • Dick Heederik
  • Kees Meliefste
  • A. Bruce McKague
  • Ricard Marcos
  • Laia Font-Ribera
  • Joan O. Grimalt
  • Cristina M. Villanueva
چکیده

BACKGROUND Swimming pool disinfectants and disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been linked to human health effects, including asthma and bladder cancer, but no studies have provided a comprehensive identification of DBPs in the water and related that to mutagenicity. OBJECTIVES We performed a comprehensive identification of DBPs and disinfectant species in waters from public swimming pools in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that disinfect with either chlorine or bromine and we determined the mutagenicity of the waters to compare with the analytical results. METHODS We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to measure trihalomethanes in water, GC with electron capture detection for air, low- and high-resolution GC/MS to comprehensively identify DBPs, photometry to measure disinfectant species (free chlorine, monochloroamine, dichloramine, and trichloramine) in the waters, and an ion chromatography method to measure trichloramine in air. We assessed mutagenicity with the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. RESULTS We identified > 100 DBPs, including many nitrogen-containing DBPs that were likely formed from nitrogen-containing precursors from human inputs, such as urine, sweat, and skin cells. Many DBPs were new and have not been reported previously in either swimming pool or drinking waters. Bromoform levels were greater in brominated than in chlorinated pool waters, but we also identified many brominated DBPs in the chlorinated waters. The pool waters were mutagenic at levels similar to that of drinking water (approximately 1,200 revertants/L-equivalents in strain TA100-S9 mix). CONCLUSIONS This study identified many new DBPs not identified previously in swimming pool or drinking water and found that swimming pool waters are as mutagenic as typical drinking waters.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Pooling Data on Pools: Genotoxicity of Chemicals in Indoor Swimming Pools

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) form in swimming pool water from reactions between disinfectants such as chlorine and organic matter such as sweat, skin cells, and urine. A new study described in a set of three articles provides the first comprehensive characterization of DBPs in an indoor pool environment and offers initial evidence of cellular-level effects of these chemicals in swimmers in a...

متن کامل

Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water in Sanandj, Iran

The present study aimed to determine the concentrations of several disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs), in the public and private swimming pools in Sanandaj, Iran (n=16). Correlations between DBP levels with water quality parameters (free chlorine, pH, total organic carbon, temperature, number of swimme...

متن کامل

Genotoxic Effects in Swimmers Exposed to Disinfection By-products in Indoor Swimming Pools

BACKGROUND Exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water has been associated with cancer risk. A recent study (Villanueva et al. 2007; Am J Epidemiol 165:148-156) found an increased bladder cancer risk among subjects attending swimming pools relative to those not attending. OBJECTIVES We evaluated adults who swam in chlorinated pools to determine whether exposure to DBPs in po...

متن کامل

Determination of trihalomethane concentrations in indoor swimming pools water of Bandar Abbas, Iran

Introduction: Chlorination has been used as a major disinfectant process for public drinking and swimming pool water in many countries. However, it was concern over the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) by the reaction of chlorine with organic material in water and the effect on human health. The purpose of this study was to determination trihalomethane concentrations in indoor swimming pools wate...

متن کامل

بررسی میزان آلودگی قارچی سطوح استخرهای سرپوشیده شهر یزد در سال 1390

  Background: Previous studies show that swimming in pools which are not well managed, can transmit infections. So there is still concern that swimmers by contacting with water and swimming pool environment could be affected by fungal diseases. So this study aimed to determine the amount of fungal contamination in indoor pools of Yazd in 2011.   Method: In this study, all the indoor swimming po...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره 118  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2010